The Five Most Important Ideas in Up from Slavery Essay

â€Å"Up from Slavery† is an autobiography written by Booker T. Washington. The book mainly talks about Washington’s life and how he had over come a lot of obstacles to reach his success. The book teaches us a lot of things, some of them are still useful today. There are five significant ideas that Booker wanted the readers to learn from his book; these five things are: education, slavery, work, the relationship between two races and the meaning of success. The most obvious and significant idea of this book is the value of education. As a young man, Washington used to admire a man who can read the newspaper for the people in his town. He realized the important of education; he said â€Å"The picture of several dozen boys and girls in a school†¦show more content†¦The third idea that Washington wanted us to learn is the dignity of work. The greatest lesson he learned through the four years he spent in Hampton’s Institute was the love for labour. He stat ed â€Å"At Hampton I not only learned that it was not a disgrace to labour, but learned to love labour, not alone for its financial value but for labour’s own sake and for the independence and self-reliance which the ability to do something which the world wants done brings.† (Page 73) He later on taught this lesson to his own students at the Tuskegee Institute. The student learned to love working as much as they love to study. This idea is still important today because everyone need to work no matter how much they hate it, but if they learn how to love their job, then their lives would be much easier. Washington became a very famous speaker, he’d been able to influence both White and Black races. He wants people to value the relationship between the two races through his speech. In the Atlanta Exposition Address, Washington used a story of a lost ship to teach his audience a moral. HeShow MoreRelatedAbolitionist John Brown1836 Words   |  7 Pagesof the wor ds spoken by abolitionist John Brown at his trial in Charles Town, Virginia (now part of West Virginia) following his violent raid at Harper’s Ferry Federal Arsenal in October, 1859 (Fanton 82). John Brown played a vital role in the anti-slavery movement and his actions opened the eyes of a nation that would become divided in a war of brother against brother. He clearly states his intentions, but did he really not mean to excite or incite a rebellion among slaves? John Brown represented theRead MoreMexican American War1560 Words   |  7 Pagesbetween the Untied States and Mexico where the United States defeated Mexico and gained over five hundred thousand miles of land. The land in known as the Southwest and makes up a vast majority of the United States. A major contributor to the war was the American belief of Manifest Destiny and showed how the United States wanted to extend their borders to the Pacific. The acquirement of the land did open up much room for American settl ement, but it also worsened the conflict between the North and SouthRead MoreJohn Brown And Abraham Lincoln Chapter 6 Summary1228 Words   |  5 Pagesplays a part as certain details are omitted John Brown led a midnight attack on the pro-slavery settlement as retaliation for the raid that caused the death of two and destruction of a hotel and two printing presses; five people were killed by Brown and his following; Browns sons and their families had moved to Kansas and had asked for his aid when aggressive pro-slavery neighbors He had garnered support from the slaves he had freed in this ordeal and had armed them, they stood guard of the eastboundRead MoreSlavery And The United States1507 Words   |  7 PagesOver the centuries, slavery held a prominent factor in United States history. Slavery shaped and formed what society was in the United States. Slavery’s influence impacted the United States in various ways. The ways that slavery impacted United States history are the United States economy, society and politics. Some historians argue slavery is not an important factor in United States history. However, they are wrong because slavery brought many different political movements and the Underground RailroadRead MoreFrederick Douglass And The Abolition Of Slavery1713 Words   |  7 Pagesor resistance, against the institution of slavery. They rebelled against their positions in a variety of ways--sometimes small, subtle acts; other times very obvious and direct implications. Frederick Douglass resis ted slavery by understanding the fundamentals of it, standing up for himself, and formulating an escape. James Oakes argues the direct resistance displayed by slaves, like running away, was significant and necessary to the abolition of slavery as a whole. Oakes understood slave resistanceRead MoreThe Slavery Of The South1561 Words   |  7 Pages was highly dependent upon the institution of slavery. It was still primarily an agricultural society that needed as many laborers as possible in order for the plantation owners to make ends meet. According to historian Douglas Harper, â€Å"In 1793 came the cotton gin, which brought a 50-fold increase in the average daily output of short-staple cotton, promoted the rapid expansion of a ‘cotton kingdom’ across the Deep South, and made large-scale slavery profitable.† Because of this, the slave becameRead MoreEssay about The Jacksonian Era1638 Words   |  7 PagesThree specific ways in which American expansion shaped the Jacksonian period was through the advancement of technology, by way of slavery, and the Indian Removal Act. Jackson used any political and economic means necessary in order to see American frontier regions expand across the nation. Jackson’s Ind ian Removal policy had some of the most important consequences and paved the way toward American expansion. In the beginning of the Jacksonian era, colonial Americans’ settlements had not yet extendedRead MoreAn Empire for Slavery Book Essay1538 Words   |  7 PagesRandolph B. Campbells An Empire for Slavery: The Peculiar Institution in Texas provides in an in depth look at the slavery existence in the state of Texas. He provides the factors that explain the establishment and growth of slavery. Campbell also explains the economic and legal institution of Texas, and explores the physical and psychological effects of both slaves and their masters prior to the Civil War, during, and after emancipation. Campbell provides clear detail of slaverys impact on TexasRead MoreEssay on Analysis of the American Civil War900 Words   |  4 PagesFinal Civil War Essay Analysis Slavery was the most important cause of the Civil War, because this single issue divided the North and South to begin with. The ideological differences between the North and South led to economic differences, conflicts over newly acquired territories, disputes over the constitution, and political extremism. The Election of 1860 was the culmination of these disputes and caused the South to secede in 1861 and guided the way towards the Civil War. The Northern statesRead MoreCivil War Essay1393 Words   |  6 Pages22, 2012 Adolph Woodard Civil War Paper The Civil War was fought between Americans from the North and the South. Many factors led to the eventual conflict, but none was more important than the issue of slavery. While Northerners felt slavery was essentially against what America stood for, Southerners depended on slavery to maintain their economy. The conflict resulted in the South wanting to secede from the Union and exist as a collection of Confederate states acting as their own country. The

The Ethics Of Risk Communication - 1529 Words

There has to be a way or process by which officials communicate with the people about present, emerging and evolving risks that could impact their lives. This process is described by the term â€Å"Risk Communication†. Risk Communication is a process that flows both ways between the communicator and the recipients of the included message. Dr. Vincent T. Covello (1992) who is the founder and Director of the Center for Risk Communication defined Risk Communication as â€Å"The process of exchanging information among interested parties about the nature, magnitude, significance or control of a risk† (Covello, 1992). The sudden urge to communicate risk to people has been a result of legal and regulatory mechanisms regarding the community’s right to know.†¦show more content†¦However, Risk Communicators concluded that such communication could be most effective by querying how the message’s audience process and act on messages, resulting in the initiation of deeper research into the topic of Risk Communication. Baruch Fischhoff is a researcher who was one of the leading pioneers in the Risk Communication field. Fischhoff started researching and working on the Risk Communication field in the late 1970’s and built on earlier work and developed the following seven stages to implement on an audience for most effective communication, Fischhoff has been credited for identifying the Seven Evolutionary Stages of Risk Communication and Best Practices† (Fischhoff, 1995) Seven Evolutionary Stages of Risk Communication and Best Practices in 1995: 1. Get the numbers right. 2. Tell key publics what the numbers mean. 3. Explain what the numbers mean. 4. Show public they have accepted similar risks before. 5. Explain how risk benefits outweigh the costs. 6. Treat publics with respect; and 7. Make public partners with Risk Communicators. 8. Do all the above. Fischoff’s perspective that is reflected in the seven steps is supported by other researchers that believe in the consideration of society and culture of different publics as factors of effective communication. Understanding culture helps in understanding how

The Character of Sebastian in Shakespeares Twelfth...

The Character of Sebastian in Shakespeares Twelfth Night: Sebastians presence in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night: or What You Will is a vexation. More pointedly, it is his sudden marriage to Olivia which troubles me so. Was he written in to give a parallel storyline between Olivia and Viola? Was he a convenient way to have a double wedding, which Shakespeare seemed to prefer for his happy endings? Or, could there be some other meaning to Sebastian? The last day of the Christmas season is January 6, the feast of the Epiphany, when Christ was revealed to the world in the personage of the Magi. The evening before is called Twelfth Night, the most riotous holiday of the year for Elizabethans (Singman†¦show more content†¦He leaves the next day still looking for his sister. After Apollonius finds out that it is Silla/Silvio for whom Julina spurned him, he imprisons her. When Julina eventually comes looking for Silla/Silvio, telling Apollonius that she is pregnant, Silla must confess that she is a girl and could not have made Julina pregnant, and that she was in love with Apollonius. He rewards her love by marrying her. Her brother finds out about the marriage, returns to Constantinople, learns that Julina is pregnant with his child, and discovers the reason for the mix-up. Silvio then marries Julina. Although some time passes between their one-nighter and their marriage, one understands the sudden marriage of Silvio and Julina. He at least knows her name and knows her in the biblical sense before they marry. In Twelfth Night, Sebastian marries Olivia without knowing her name or having even seen her previous to this day!-unless something has happened between them after Olivia broke up the duel. Harold Bloom, while calling Viola a repressed vitalist, thinks she is so constrained because she mingles her identity with that of her twin brother, Sebastian(232). He says that although Viola is vibrant, she has taken on her brothers more subdued personality. Has one twin gotten all the passion, while the other is a Milquetoast? That might explain how a strong personality like Olivia so easily marries Sebastian without question orShow MoreRelatedWilliam Shakespeare s Twelfth Night1221 Words   |  5 PagesShakespeare’s Twelfth Night is a widely known romantic comedy that was first published in 1623. Twelfth Night is one of Shakespeare’s finest works and it tends to have an affinity to modern romantic comedy films and stories. The play has love triangles, unrequited love, lies and deceit, playful comedic relief, and obstacles that interfere with characters’ goals. Many of Shakespeare’s plays were turned into film adaptations and many were used very loosely as source material. Hamlet had Lion King (veryRead MoreThe Twelfth Night: A Happy Ending? Essay1501 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficulties appear within the play, by the end these will be resolved and the play will have a traditional happy-ending with a marriage or a celebration in the final scene. The â€Å"Twelfth Night† is no exception to this rule. Despite problems of confused identities and sexualities, the play ends with marriage for the major characters because they â€Å"have learned enough about their own foolishness to accept it wisely, and their reward, as it sho uld be, is marriage.†(Schwartz 5140). There is a resolution ofRead Moretwelfth night Essay952 Words   |  4 Pages Twelfth Night Essay While many will agree that Shakespeare’s Twelfth Night is critically acclaimed to be one of the most entertaining and well-liked pieces that he has written, there tends to be a discrepancy over how the characters in the play are portrayed when it comes to the importance of gender roles. After reading James C Bulman’s article over the Globe’s more recent performance of Twelfth Night and Shakespeare’s original written version, I realized that there are many ways that this famousRead MoreThemes Of Social Mobility Through Marriage1655 Words   |  7 PagesThis paper critically analyses the theme of social mobility through marriage in Shakespeare’s play ‘Twelfth Night’. In addition, the paper highlights how different characters in the play got into higher social classes or desired to be in higher social classes through marriage. This paper holds that in a highly stratified society such as that presented in the Shakespeare’s play; ma rriage plays a significant role in in social class mobility. As opposed to some traditional society where marriage wasRead MoreEssay about Mistaken Identity for Twelfth Night786 Words   |  4 Pagescomedy Twelfth Night, creates a plot that revolves around mistaken identity and deception. Mistaken identity, along with disguises, rules the play and affects the lives of several of the characters. Shakespeares techniques involve mistaken identity to bring humor, mystery, and complication to the play. Many characters in Twelfth Night assume disguises, beginning with Viola who is disguised as a eunuch, Maria who writes a letter to Malvolio as Olivia, and then the mix-up between Sebastian and ViolaRead More The Use of Deception in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night Essay694 Words   |  3 PagesThe Use of Deception in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Deception is a key theme in William Shakespeares Twelfth Night. The characters must use deception to obtain good things, escape bad situations, or to play cruel hilarious ticks on other people. One example of deception is when Viola clothes herself in mens clothing in order to obtain a job under the Duke of Illyria, Orsino. During another scene Sir Andrew, Fabian, Maria, and Sir Toby Belch trick Malvolio into making a foolRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Life Experiences997 Words   |  4 Pages Kemal 1 Ayesha Kemal Mrs. Holcombe Period: 7 10/05/14 Shakespeare’s Life Experiences William Shakespeare was born on April 26, 1564 to John and Mary Shakespeare. As a child Shakespeare grew up in the town of Stratford-upon-Avon in the United Kingdom. He grew up attending a school called King Edward VI School, where he learned to read, write, and use proper grammar. He continued to attend school until his family had some economic hardships and he was unable to attend university. Instead he got marriedRead More The Purpose of Disguise in Twelfth Night Essay1154 Words   |  5 PagesTheme of Disguise in Twelfth Night The notion of disguise is very important theme within Twelfth Night.   From my point of view I feel that the crux of the play is primarily based on this concept.   Indeed theres something in it that is deceivable summarizes this point precisely.   Disguise runs like a thread through the play from start to end and holds it all together just as tightly as thread would fabric.   Yet, paradoxically as the plot progresses there are many problems, deceptions andRead MoreThe Limitations Of Frye s Green World 1729 Words   |  7 PagesWhat are the limitations of Frye’s ‘Green World’ model as applied to ‘Twelfth Night’ by William Shakespeare? Twelfth Night was thought to be written in 1600-1. The play – known for adhering to a genre of romantic comedy by utilising pathos combined with humour – is listed under comedies in the First Folio of 1623 with another of Shakespeare’s works As You Like It. Twelfth Night adheres to Frye’s theory to some extent. The old world, one of repression, is conveyed through the puritanical beliefs ofRead MoreTwelfth Night Love Essay1610 Words   |  7 Pagescomedies. Twelfth Night is one of the finest comedies of the author. Shakespeare is driven by Viola’s decision to voluntarily conceal her identity and go to work as a servant for the lovesick Orsino.This disguise and gender confusion are there in the beginning of the play and finishes with happy ending. This paper tries to ascertain how Viola in Twelfth Night perform her disguise and become an ideal woman of Shakespeare’s own concept. There may be many reasons why, he keeps his female characters in disguise

Theories of Risk Perception Management †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Theories of Risk Perception Management. Answer: Introduction: Fischhoff, Slovic, Lichtenstein, (1988) gave insight into the different opinions of students regarding various events. In case of situations, where people find difficulty in identifying their values, then elicitation process shapes their values. The author particularly presents a confrontation between those have some values and those elicit values. The method of expression of values depends on situations. Peoples true value is also dependent on different problem, the manner in which people respond to them and its impact on their judgment. The reading also gave an indication regarding the situations when people do not know what they want. For example, people may have clear preference when they have directly experienced a situation. In such cases, people learn by trial and error methods and justifiable response to future values is developed then. Hence, direct experience of working in certain situations developed certain ideas and values among people. However, people need to make many diverse choices in life where we do not held direct experience and so contradictory values exist. Secondly, values of people also changes with time and decision making becomes difficult then. The generation of values and judgments of people has been found to be influenced by experimental procedures. In terms of psychological theory, it can be said that systematic effects lead to the random or systematic variations in observed judgment. Secondly, the author also gave insight regarding how ways to identify ones desire, analyze options and consequences, measure values and controlling different perspectives. On this basis, rationally sound values and interest can be deepened. An elicitor looking to identify a persons inherent values can get a lot of guidance from the process mentioned above and they can easily translate the basic disposition of respondents into a codable judgments so that people are very clear about the implications of their judgement. Another approach to strengthening perspective is to make respondents clear about different point of views and their benefits to analyse the rational for selecting their own values. Relation with work experience The above explanation of strengthening core values through appropriate judgment is related to my work experience. For example, in my first job, certain challenges in work made me change my perspective towards career goal. Although I had a very strong career ambition, however challenges in my job and no direct experience about challenges altered my judgment. I decided to quit the job and try some other things. However, one of my senior colleagues acted as a good elicitor for me as he gave me the idea that challenges are part of the job and once that phase is crossed, I would definitely start identifying my talent and contribution to the job. Hence, he acted as the right elicitor for me to affect my values and judgment. He did this by communication with me regarding the problems, the consequence of leaving the job so early and the implications of staying and benefits of dealing with the challenges. Hence, he deepened my perspective towards looking at my job and challenges. Wildavsky and Dake (1990) discussed about different theories of risk perception and why people fear certain thing. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate to what degrees are people equally worried about risk and why is the perception of risk different for different people. Based on this evaluation, the characteristics of people can be determined, whether they are risk takers or averse to risk. The perception of risk was discussed on the basis of knowledge theory, personality theory, economic, political and cultural theories. For instance, the knowledge theory explains that people regarding something as dangerous because they are aware about the risk. The economic theory gave the indication that risk taking or risk aversion is dependent on the economy because the rich people are more likely to take risk and test something new which they do not have. On the other hand, the cultural theory gives the explanation that people regard certain actions as risky as this have an impact on their social relations. The whole risk aversion and risk taking attitude was explained on the premise of regarding technology as a risk factor for people. Similarly, from the egalitarian point of view, the argument was that egalitarian people give more rating to risk. All the rival theories were also tested by the risk perception data archive. In this case, the risk associated with technology was evaluated with list of concerns people have about society. The responses were explained on the factor of knowledge, personality, cultural biases and political orientation. Cultural biases was found as the best factor to predict risk perception findings and the prediction is more powerful than knowledge and personality factor. Hence, the main conclusion from the discussion was that culture of individualism favors risk taking and the egalitarian culture always stay away from risk taking. However, the weak correlation between culture biases and personality also revealed the influence of cultu re on risk perception. This study pointed towards the right approach for risk perception by analyzing about different explanations about fears in people. Relation with personal experience: I agree with the Wildavsky and Dake (1990) view that people from individualism culture favours risk taking and those from egalitarian culture are averse to risk. I can say this because I belong to the individualism group and I have opted to take many risk in my career so that get eventual benefit from it. Hence, my risk taking attitude was triggered by my wish to gain something in return. I took the risky step of leaving my well-established job and working on my own project of developing an application where I could provide excellent job opportunities to people in one place. I wanted to make job seeking a pleasant experience for job seekers and I was motivated to take this risk because of the expectation that if I am able to crack this project, I will be earning even more than before. In addition, all controls will be under my hand and I will not be limited to a 9 to 5 job to display my talent. Jungermann (1983) gave useful debate and arguments regarding the two groups of people- the rational and irrational people. He defined rationality as a philosophical concept in which an action is defined as rational if it is line with values and belief of a person. The psychology of judgement and decision is further understood from the normative models and actual judgment. This model regarded violation of rationality as the true deficiency of the decision maker. In the debate, Jungermann (1983) categorized the pessimist into the first camp and the optimist into the second camp. The pessimist regard decision making under certainty may lead to certain problems, whereas the optimist think that their judgment will be functional even in complex situations. Therefore, both camps have different approach towards rationality and violations of rationality was seen due to limited judgment capacity and decision making ability of people. The author explained these violations of rationality in both camps. For the pessimist camp, violation of rationality was seen due to judgmental biases, representational faults and coping defeats. For example judgmental bias is seen when people mainly rely on heuristics and this leads to inconsistent decisions. Secondly, representational faults is seen when people evaluate any decision on basis of gains and losses instead of thinking about the final state. Another factor leading to violation of rationality in pessimist camp includes poor coping mechanism or motivations among people. In addition, for the optimist camp, meta decisions differ on the basis of familiarity of the situation and knowledge about the subject. The continuity argument for the second camp was that judgment is a continous process and biases in decision making is seen when people regard it as discrete event and do not regard it as functional. The final lesson from both sides of the debate was that rationality concepts is used with different meanings in both group and people should b e liberal in using the rational concepts. Relation with work experience The above explanation of pessimistic and optimistic groups decision making and concept about rationality is related to my work experience. I could relate with the information given for optimist camp that they always regard their decision as useful and functional in specific situations. For example, there were certain projects which were too complex and my decision making determined the success of the project. Hence, I planned my decision for the project with a positive mindset. Hence, I approach to deal with difficult circumstances with a productive mindset. With such focus, my rationality was based on impact of decisions on productivity. Therefore, I looked for all factors available that would determine the success of the project and I finalized my decision on the basis of benefits of application of the strategy. This may violate the rationality model as only available factors and not all factors for success were evaluated. Still it is perfectly rational because checking infinite re source available is not possible in finite time. Green (1994) gives a discussion about neutral omnipartial rule-making (NORM) which is a theoretical approach to moral choice giving an idea about underlying logic of moral reasoning process in terms of choice. NORM has been discussed in ethical writing of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) and the main idea was that moral reasoning can be a great source of support when interest related conflict occurs. Hence, moral reasoning is the basis on which people can tolerate certain conducts or behavior. According to the moral reasoning process, a major consideration is that a conduct must be publicly known and acceptable all people in society. Another way by which moral reasoning was explained was that it is legislative processs that supports abiding by the rules. Hence, an action is right if all members of the society perceived it as right. The two questions that were raised based on this definition was that whether the approach is related to relativism and how society can morally decide moral actio ns where people are against other groups. The author gave the explanation that in the definition, the possibility of victimization in different group in society has been excluded. Therefore, NORM is used to assess conduct or policies, but not on the basis of vote by people in the society. To come to a valid conclusion despite different claims in society, NORM uses the principle of impartiality to determine a fair action. The word impartiality was also defined by the term detachment or omni-partiality. To come to moral decisions, taking omnipartial views from many persons also help. Therefore, NORM has been found to support common intuition because it emphasized on a conduct to be publicly accepted according to most basic judgment about moral choice. It can be summarized that NORM helps to interpret morality of difficult actions and engage in a reasoning process when rules conflict. This eventually leads to a better conduct. The above mentioned reading explored the moral reasoning process and the morality of an action by utilizing the NORM approach. I have used a similar NORM like action to evaluate the moral basis of my decisions too. For instance, as a work manager, I had the responsibility to achieve certain targets as given by my company. However, as few days remained and we were still far away from the target, I had to take some harsh decision so that I could eventually achieved the target. The decision in which moral reasoning was required was whether I should force all employees to work extra time for few days or not? I evaluated the moral basis of my action by being omni-partial and putting myself into my team members position. I analyzed about all those who will be affected by this conduct. Contemplating great ethical issues from staff, I gave the option of to team members of voluntary choosing extra work hours instead of forcing them. Reference Fischhoff, B., Slovic, P., Lichtenstein, S. (1988). Knowing what you want: Measuring labile values.Decision Making: Descriptive, Normative and Prescriptive Interactions, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 398-421. Green, R.M., 1994.The ethical manager: A new method for business ethics. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Jungermann, H., 1983. The two camps on rationality.Advances in Psychology,16, pp.63-86. Wildavsky, A. and Dake, K., 1990. Theories of risk perception: Who fears what and why?.Daedalus, pp.41-60.

Deffenses For Democracy Essay Example For Students

Deffenses For Democracy Essay Is liberty a bad thing? Socrates seemed to think so. In Book VIIIof Platos Republic, Socrates criticizes democracy by attacking three ofits most important aspects: liberty, equality, and majority rule. Heasserts that because of these things, a democratic city will always fallinto tyranny. I disagree, and feel that all three of the principles areessential to a fair and just city, and only in their absence can a city betaken into tyranny. Socrates begins his observations on the defects of a democraticgovernment by first attacking liberty. His main argument is that there isentirely too much of it. People in a democracy are free to do what theywish in their lives and are free to chose what if any job they will do. Socrates asks if, like the man with the democratic soul, they will not just pass the time and not get much done (Plato, 557e). This may be true, but people who do not work do not eat. InSocrates city, much like in a communist regime, all of the people in acity are responsible f or the common good of all of the other members oftheir city. A man who does nothing would truly be a burden on thissociety, but unlike in Socrates city, or a communist state, in a capitalistdemocracy people are responsible for their own survival, and a manmust work if he is to have a food, shelter, and all of the othernecessities of life. When describing his just city, Socrates was very much in favor ofspecialization of labor (Plato, 367e-372b), so for a man to try manythings would go against his concept of what belongs in a good city. ButShouldnt one try ones hand at many tasks until one find a job that bestfulfills ones soul? In Alienated Labor, Karl Marx argues that separationof labor is fundamentally wrong in that it alienates the laborer not onlyfrom his labor, but also from himself and society as a whole(Good Life,272). Socrates himself claims that a just soul must find work that isbest for the ?rational? part of the soul (Plato, 434d-444e)Socrates also claims that criminals in a democratic city have toomuch freedom. He asks Adeimantus if he had not seen men?sentenced to death or exile, nonetheless staying and carrying on rightin the middle of things?(Plato 558a). A democracy has laws andpunishments as does every other government. Justice is always dependent on the wisdom of people, and peopleare fallible. Perha ps criminals do go free sometimes when given a trialby their peers, but monarchies and tyrannies are no less fallible. Historyis full of wrongly accused people being put to death, and horrible menbeing set free, in all kinds of government. Trial by a jury of peers, as isfound in a democracy, helps to alleviate this much better than judgmentpassed by a ruling body. According to Lysander Spooner, trial by juryis the watchdog of liberty, and when jurors are truly takenindiscriminately, and do theirs jobs seriously and without bias, then aperson has received the fairest trial that is possible (Spooner, 2)Socrates next takes aim against majority rule. He asks, what ismajority rule, but a system of a leader telling his people what he thinksthey want to hear? (Plato 558b) This may be true, but when a city hasthe power to choose its leaders, the leader then becomes responsible tothe needs and desires of the people if he wishes to stay in power. It isas Thomas Jefferson says, ?Governmentsder ive their just powersfrom the consent of the governed? (Jefferson). Even if a leader isignoble, if the people he is leading wish for noble things, he must to thegood thing or not be leader anymore. .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 , .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 .postImageUrl , .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 , .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409:hover , .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409:visited , .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409:active { border:0!important; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409:active , .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409 .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6fdd54fb4ffdafec933de80eb3a3e409:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Dirty South EssaySocrates imagines a city where there are philosophers are guidingthe city (Plato, 484), but are not philosophers human too? Why would aphilosopher be any less sensitive to corruption? Socrates response tothis is that the philosophers would be educated to know what is right forthe city. History has proven though, that just because a person iseducated does not mean he is noble or virtuous. Some of the worstleaders in the world have been the most educated. Education does notnecessarily breed morality. Aristotle explains that to be a truly virtuousperson one must act in a virtuous way, not just know what is the way tobe virtuous (Good Life, 35). Would not a corrupted leader in Socrates city be much morecatastrophic to a city than a corrupted leader in a democracy? In ademocracy, one corrupted leader can be forced to leave office and bereplaced, but when there is only one leader, who is either ordained bygod or brought in by military force, or when there is a group of leaderswho are not responsible to the people, the people have no opportunityto decide on a more noble or just person as their leader, and the peoplehave no protection against corruption in their government. Socrates last attack is against equality. He says democracydispenses a ?certain equality to equals and unequals alike? (Plato,558c). He seems to be saying that all men are not created equal andthat certain people are better equipped to have rights in a city. In fact,Socrates says that the people must be told that they have certainmetals in their souls which make them of different classes (Plato,412b-415d). He calls this the Noble Lie, and while it is a lie, I am notsu re how noble it is. Equality certainly has been a huge issue in our Americangovernment. As for personal rights, President John F. Kennedy said, ?All of us do not have equal talent, but all of should have an equalopportunity to develop our talents (Kennedy)? When it comes to equalityin government, Alexander Hamilton Declared in a speech to theConstitutional convention that ?every individual of the community atlarge has an equal right to protection of the government (Hamilton).?When it come to equality in choosing government, things tend to gettricky. If everyone is not going to be given a say in the government, thenwho decides who gets a say and who does not? What are thecredentials for voting? Who decides on the credentials? Who decideswho decides on the credentials? Philosophers? Who decides whichpeople are fit to be philosophers? Who educates the philosophers to beable to tell who would make a good voter and who would not? All people may not be created equal, but if all people are going to beaffected by the laws, all people should have an opportunity to decide onthem, and all people should be protected by them. The whole point of agovernment is to take care of its people. According to Lord Macaulay,?That is the best government which desires to make the people happy,and knows how to make them happy (Macaulay, 231). Michael Davis, in his book The Politics of Philosophy, explains thatthe best way to ensure a well run city is to make sure all of the citizens inthe city are given equal say in the way it is governed. He uses MalcolmXs famous saying in that a group of oppressed people will not stayoppressed forever, and that the best way for a government to stay stableis to listen to the majority with respect for the minorities. (Davis, 55-57)In conclusion, while Socrates offers good criticisms of democracy, hedoes not defend them very well, and he offers us no plausible alternative. He claims that democracy is one of the worst regimes, yet it wasdemocracy which al lowed him to criticize the very system he was takingadvantage. I think the best argument for democracy is the failure of otherrepressive governments such as the collapse of communism in theSoviet Union, The French monarchy, Britains colonial rule here inAmerica, and Fascism in Germany. Perhaps if these governments hadallowed for liberty, equality, and a majority rule, they would still be inexistence today. .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 , .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 .postImageUrl , .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 , .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060:hover , .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060:visited , .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060:active { border:0!important; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060:active , .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060 .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud6a8f3b932e186881f0673c725c8e060:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Corporal Punishment EssayPhilosophy