American and British English Pronunciation Differences free essay sample

American and British English pronunciation differences From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Comparison of American and British English| American English British English| Computing| Keyboards| Orthography| Spelling| Speech| Accent Pronunciation| Vocabulary| American words not widely used in BritainBritish words not widely used in AmericaWords having different meanings in British and American English: A–L  Ã‚ · M–Z| Works| Works with different titles in the UK and US| * v * t * e| | This article may contain original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding references. Statements consisting only of original research may be removed. (October 2012) | | This article includes a list of references, related reading or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please improve this article by introducing more precise citations. October 2012) | Differences in pronunciation between American English (AmE) and British English (BrE) can be divided into: * differences in accent (i. e. phoneme inventory and realisation). We will write a custom essay sample on American and British English Pronunciation Differences or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page See differences between General American and Received Pronunciation for the standard accents in the United States and Britain; for information about other accents see regional accents of English speakers. * differences in the pronunciation of individual words in the lexicon (i. . phoneme distribution). In this article, transcriptions use Received Pronunciation (RP) to represent BrE and General American (GAm) and to represent AmE. In the following discussion * superscript A2 after a word indicates the BrE pronunciation of the word is a common variant in AmE * superscript B2 after a word indicates the AmE pronunciation of the word is a common variant in BrE Contents * 1 Stress * 1. French stress * 1. 2 -ate and -atory * 1. 3 Miscellaneous stress * 2 Affixes * 2. 1 -ary -ery -ory -bury, -berry, -mony * 2. 2 -ile * 2. 3 -ine * 3 Weak forms * 4 Miscellaneous pronunciation differences * 4. 1 Single differences * 4. 2 Multiple differences * 5 References| Stress French stress For many loanwo rds from French where AmE has final-syllable stress, BrE stresses an earlier syllable. Such words include: * BrE first-syllable stress: adultA2,B2, balletA2, baton, beret, bidet, blase, brevetA2, brochureB2, buffet, cafeA2, canardB2, chagrin, chaletA2, chauffeurA2,B2, chiffon, clicheB2, coupe, croissant, debrisB2, debut, decor, detailA2, detenteB2, flambe, frappe, garageB2, gateau, gourmetA2, lame, montageA2, parquet, pastel, pastille, pate, precis, sachet, salon, soupcon, vaccine; matinee, negligee, nonchalant, nondescript; also some French names, including BernardB2, Calais, Degas, Dijon, Dumas, Francoise, ManetA2, Maurice, MonetA2, Pauline, Renault, ReneB2, Renoir, Rimbaud, DelacroixB2. BrE second-syllable stress: attache, consomme, decollete, declasse, De Beauvoir, Debussy, demode, denouement, distingue, Dubonnet, escargot, expose, fiance(e)A2, retrousse A few French words have other stress differences: * AmE first-syllable, BrE last-syllable: addressA2 (postal), moustacheA2; cigaretteA2, limousineB2, magazineB2, * AmE first-syllable, BrE second-syllable: liaisonA2 , macrame, Renaissance (AmE also final-syllable stress) * AmE second-syllable, BrE last-syllable: New OrleansA2 -ate and -atory Most 2-syllable verbs ending -ate have first-syllable stress in AmE and second-syllable stress in BrE. This includes castrate, dictateA2, donateA2, locateA2, mandateB2, migrate, placate, prostrate, pulsate, rotate, serrateA2,B2, spectate, striated, translateA2, vacate, vibrate; in the case of cremate, narrate, placate, the first vowel is in addition reduced to /? / in BrE. Examples where AmE and BrE match include create, debate, equate, elate, negate, orate, relate with second-syllable stress (though in American usage, orate occasionally attracts first-syllable stress); and mandate and probate with first-syllable stress.

7 talent mistakes that are destroying your bottom line

7 talent mistakes that are destroying your bottom line Recruiting and managing talent has become one of the hottest topics in this hiring market, both for boots on the ground recruiters and the executives who are tasked with strategizing and organizing. If you find you’re getting frustrated by the challenges and stresses of talent management, you’re certainly not alone- but it doesn’t have to be that way. Let’s look at some of the pitfalls you may be experiencing, and how they’re sabotaging your best efforts.1. Limiting diversity to the hiring processOnce you’ve found and hired a diverse team, that checks off the diversity success box, right? Not quite. Finding diverse talent is a great first step, but you need to keep up that momentum among employees, and not just new recruits. It’s important to keep considering how to manage diversity on an ongoing basis, well after the team is in place. Are team leads equipped to manage a diverse team? Are diverse team members supported, culturally, or are they expected to blend in with the homogenous corporate identity?Another key mistake in this area is thinking too narrowly about diversity, and not considering diversity beyond the obvious gender and ethnic differences. There’s also cognitive diversity, which essentially means embracing different thinkers, people who have leadership styles that may seem unorthodox to your company, or personality types that haven’t typically had broad representation at your company before. It’s about diversifying thought and perspective to maximize success, not just about diversifying the demographics.2. Prioritizing change for change’s sakeEveryone wants to be innovative. But are you pushing innovation initiatives at the expense of things that are already working and clicking well? Think of it like those New Year’s Day resolutions. In December, the status quo is happy and merry and full of sugary goodness. January 1, reality hits, and suddenly there are draconi an goals about fitness and diet as an immediate reaction. Try to see change management as a lifestyle change, not a crash diet. Make sure you’re taking stock of what’s working with your talent management, and change things up when it feels right- not because you feel like you should be shuffling things around just to keep up with the times.3. Letting disagreement derail projectsHaving everyone sign off on every project is†¦unlikely. The whole point of having diversity in perspective is making sure that all angles of a project are considered. But when it comes time for the leaders to commit, they need to ensure that naysayers are willing to commit to the project- even if they disagree with the methods. It’s not about making sure everyone comes around to a particular position, but rather that they’re willing to go along with the leader’s final assessment and plan.hbspt.cta.load(2785852, '9e52c197-5b5b-45e6-af34-d56403f973c5', {});And if there ar e serious fundamental disagreements, those have to be managed as well. Part of this can be done during the recruiting and hiring process, with interview questions designed around determining whether someone is a â€Å"my way or the highway† type of team member, or someone who is comfortable expressing differences, but also being willing to commit to a larger vision.4. Assuming that recruiting priorities and larger company strategy are the same thingThis one can get tricky. Ostensibly, you’re hiring people who will serve the company’s needs and strategies. But hiring is focused on the company’s immediate needs- putting someone in place who can manage the day-to-day right away. That might not always square with where you want the company to go in the next year, three years, ten years. Overcoming this potential gap means focusing on growth goals on both the employee and company levels.This means creating a culture where goals are not only encouraged, but tra cked and managed against the larger company strategy. It means working with people at all levels- executive, managerial, and employee- to create achievable, specific goals that align with the company’s strategic goals. This requires openness about the company’s goals, and a two-way feedback program so that employees aren’t setting their own goals in a vacuum. Studies have shown that employees who feel informed about and engaged in company goals are more satisfied and productive in their jobs.5. Allowing a disconnect between talent and cultureIf your company’s culture is very specific or static, you risk having training and recruiting efforts that aren’t aligned with the realities of working at the company. If employees are trained on processes that are in place just because they always have been in the past, then you’re essentially training them for the past. Talent is then conditioned toward aligning themselves with the status quo- not nece ssarily toward the kind of flexible thinking that could move things forward.This doesn’t mean you have to rewrite your company culture every time someone new comes along but think of the culture as a work in progress, with an emphasis on agility, change, and innovation in the service of the larger company goals. Make sure that your talent is being managed with an eye toward context, and make sure they understand the reasons why they’re being asked to do their jobs a certain way.6. Not focusing on short-term talent developmentWith so much recruiting and management effort focused on employees’ long-term goals, it can be easy to lose sight of the short-term goals that a) help them develop, and b) serve the company in the meantime. Instead of thinking only of the â€Å"five-year plan,† help employees see the â€Å"five-month plan,† and the steps they can take in the meantime.Giving employees opportunities to engage in your organization and join committ ees, make presentations, or lead projects can help short-term development and ensure that employees don’t feel stagnant in their roles- and start looking to take their talents elsewhere.7. Not relying on a core group of â€Å"company evangelists†When it comes down to handing down strategy or goals, don’t forget that your company has an infrastructure in place for supporting and communicating that vision throughout the company. Sometimes called the â€Å"top 100,† this group is typically the CEO, his or her direct reports, and the level of direct reports below that. These employees are familiar with both the company strategy and also what it means in the day-to-day for their teams, so lean on them to make sure that information is communicated and supported throughout the company network. Making sure that you have the support and engagement of this core group will help spread the word to all levels of the company, making it feel less like a royal edict and more like a collective project.None of these mistakes are fatal for a company, but making them can absolutely slow your progress toward your corporate goals. You want your talent management to be as efficient and painless as possible, so knowing and avoiding these common mistakes will definitely benefit you in both the short and the long run.

Human and Addiction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Human and Addiction - Essay Example Television Addiction It is satirical that many people globally are mostly harmed with what they love most. Things that lead people to addiction and eventually land them to problems are not basic things, but luxury things. It is not compulsory for people to take alcohol especially those who do not have control of it because they know that they will eventually land into problems. Strong desire of things is not only associated to physical substances. Those obsessed to gambling find it to be uncontrollable while those who are addicted to sex find it to be fanatical. Globally people are addicted to televisions, when somebody does not have appetite of a certain meal or he does not want to share in a discussion, they usually take the remote control to get consolation from the television. Parents are bothered with how their children are watching television yet they too have the same problems. Researchers have concluded that people who are addicted to television usually engage in conversation s while their eyes are stuck to the television. It does not matter whether the conversation is important, these people cannot turn their eyes away from the television (Kubey and Csikszentmihalyi 1). ... They usually have a strong desire to watch the television, albeit they wish to stop watching the television excessively, but they usually fail to control themselves. These people continue watching television despite the consequences it accompanies. These characteristics are mainly connected to people who watch television frequently. It should be noted that watching television is not challenging because it entertains, educates and informs people. The problem usually sets in when the individual has a strong desire of watching the television and he cannot control it. The amount of time spent in watching television is unbelievable because many people save their time of work and others even sacrifice their sleep to watch television. Due to these trends, people who are age eighty have watched television for ten good years. Many broadcasters argue that people who watch television do it out of their own will but what is not understood is why this people usually complain on their watch to the television. When explorations were carried out, more than half of the populace complained of disproportionate TV watching (Kubey and Csikszentmihalyi 2). Various researches have been carried out to detect people reactions in watching television with the use of highly sophisticated equipments in the laboratory. The work of these machines is to detect how the brain, skin and heartbeat react to watching television. Another method that was used to detect reactions of watching television in normal life apart from the controlled environment in the laboratory was Experience Sampling Method. In this method, the participants were required to carry around a beeper in their pockets and they were alerted six to eight times so as they could write what they were doing

Oceanography Chapter 12 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Oceanography Chapter 12 - Essay Example his topic was the relation of the change in sea level to that of the coastline and the fact that it is believed that the coastlines that are present today have not yet achieved an equilibrium with the current sea levels and thus a change in the aforementioned coastlines are still expected when this equilibrium is attained. This could result in driving the coast inland when this happens should the sea levels continue to rise due to global warming (Garrison 356). Another interesting factor are the features that are formed on the coast as a result of the erosive forces that take place such as Sea Cliffs, Sea Waves and Blowholes that occur as a result of the shore being submitted to constant wave battering (Garrison 356). The process of how beaches are formed is another interesting topic in this book in relation to the transportation process of sediment onto the shore by waves (Garrison 364). The various factors that influence the transportation of the sediments have also proved to be an interesting factor with processes such as the longshore drift proving essential in the transportation of these sediment further inward thus improving the size overall size of the coast as a result (Garrison 364). The involvement of the waves as well as the currents show how different parts of nature work together to form the various features that are found on the beach. The change in the character of the shores from erosive to depositional shows the ability of nature to adapt to changing facilities in order to avoid any permanent damage. This is seen as after a while, beaches characteristics change from erosive to depositional in order to prevent any more erosion from taking place (Garrison 360). The material that beaches are made of and the relation to the various processes that form them show how not every beach is similar in nature and will depend on the location and material that is available in that region. A good example is the beaches of Hawaii that contain rare black sand

Arabic writing system Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Arabic writing system - Essay Example 800 B.C.), whence came the letters of the ancient Roman alphabet, and ultimately all Western alphabets. The North Arabic script, which eventually prevailed and became the Arabic script of the Quran, relates most substantially and directly to the Nabatian script, which was derived from the Aramaic script. Old Aramaic, the language of Jesus and the Apostles, dates from the 2nd millennium B.C., and some dialects of which are still spoken by tiny groups in the Middle East. Arabic script still shares with Aramaic the names of the alphabet letters (Alef, Jeem, Dal, Zai, Sheen, etc.); similar graphic representation for phonetically similar letters (Sad and Dad, Ta and Tha, etc.); connections of letters in the same word and several forms of each letter depending on its location in the word, except for letters that cannot be connected to the letters which come after them (Alef, Dal/Dthal, Raa/Zai, Waw). The Arabic alphabet contains 18 letter shapes, by adding one, two, or three dots to letters with similar phonetic characteristics a total of 28 letters is obtained. These contain three long vow els, while diacritics can be added to indicate short vowels. With the spread of Islam, the Arabic alphabet was adapted by several non-Arab nations for writing their own languages. In Iran Arabic letters were used to write Farsi, with the addition of four letters to represent the phonetics that did not exist in Arabic: p, ch, zh, and g. The Ottoman Turks used the Arabic alphabet until 1929 and added still another letter. This alphabet was also used to write other Turkish languages and dialects, such as Kazakh, Uzbek, etc. Several other languages used the Arabic alphabet at one time or another, including Urdu, Malay, Swahili, Hausa, Algerian Tribal, and others. Arabic script is not used solely for writing Arabic, but for a variety of languages. In each language, it has been modified to fit the language's sound system. There are sounds not found in Arabic, but found in, for instance, Persian, Malay and Urdu: such sounds don't correspond to any sound from the Arabic system of sounds for which the Arabic alphabet can be used. For example, the Arabic language lacks a [p] sounding letter, so many languages add their own letter for [p] in the script, though the symbol used may differ between languages. These modifications tend to fall into groups: all the Indian and Turkic languages written in Arabic tend to use the Persian modified letters (and those are the languages that are "geographically closer" to Persia), whereas West African languages tend to imitate those of Ajami, and Indonesian ones those of Jawi. A writing system in which the Persian modified letters are used is called Perso-Arabic script by the scholars. Generally, in countries wher e national education is effective and where the national language is written in Arabic script, Arabic script is also used to write the other languages used in that country (Coulmas 20). The Arabic alphabet is written from right to left and is composed of 28 basic letters. Adaptations of the script for other languages such as Persian and Urdu have additional letters. There is no difference between written and printed letters; the writing is unicase (i.e. the concept of upper and lower case letters does not exist). On the other hand, most of the letters are attached to one another, even when printed, and their appearance changes as a function of whether they connect to preceding or following letters. Some

Sterilization by Saturated Steam | Experiment

Sterilization by Saturated Steam | Experiment Introduction Many microorganisms are non-pathogenic and can live in harmony with humans as they do not cause disease. However pathogenic microorganisms can be deadly and therefore need to be eliminated from certain environments. These environments can be hospitals; individuals are already unwell and their immune systems are compromised making them susceptible to infection, water treatment, food and pharmaceutical production; supply available to communities making everyone susceptible, and laboratories; contamination of microorganisms can cause conflicting results. In order to eliminate microorganisms, sterilization of equipment, hospital supplies and production sites are necessary. Sterilization process may involve different methods using heat sterilization, radiation sterilization, filtration, and chemical sterilization. Radiation involves sterilising using gamma waves or ultraviolet light. Chemical sterilization involves using toxic chemicals such as ethylene oxide to sterilise equipment. Filtration sterilises by filtering out microorganism residues from gases and liquids that are sensitive to heat, making them unsuitable for heat sterilization (Goering et al., 2007). Heat sterilization is classified under dry heat and moist heat. Dry heat involves using heat to sterilize by causing denaturation of proteins and oxidative stress onto the cell (Goering et al., 2007).. Moist heat involves using heat and liquid to destroy microorganisms. The most common sterilization method is the use of moist heat in steam sterilization. Steam is considered an easy and effective sterilant, as it is economical, fast working and is harmless to users. Steam is non toxic and economical as it is simply pressurised water in gas phase. Steam sterilization is a fast working process as steam production does not consume a lot of time and high pressure allows exposure to the entire compartment quickly. Steam sterilization is an effective process as it can destroy living microorganisms and at high temperatures it can prevent regermination by destroying endospores as well. Steam sterilization acts by denaturing proteins within cells thereby killing the microorganism. Water vapour releases large amount of heat during condensation, this heat allows penetration of endospores to occur thereby killing endospores. The steam steriliser works using gravity and is therefore often called a gravity sterilizer. The steam sterilizer can have steam be generated from external source or can be produced from a water reservoir internally. Initially the water from a water reservoir or steam from external source enter the steriliser and is heated using a heating element. The steam being produced rises to the top of the chamber leaving cooler air at the bottom. There are drains at the bottom of the autoclave so the cool air can exit the compartment. As the steam fills the steriliser the thermostatic steam trap located at the bottom of the compartment closes. This allows the pressure of the system to build up causing high pressured steam. The timer begins at this point measuring the time set for sterilisation. To maintain the temperature and pressure at set point the heating element turns on and off. After the set time has finished the steam can be removed either to the water reservoir to cool and allow water to condense and be collector before venting to the room, or can be vented straight into the room or a designated safe zone (Dondelinger, 2008). Problems may occur in steam sterilization where it may not work. This can be due to a variety of technical problems such as leaks in the steam line. To monitor the function of steam sterilisers a Sterikon ® plus Bioindicator vial is added to every batch. Sterikon ® plus Bioindicator is made of essential nutrients needed for bacterial growth including sugar, Bacillus stearothermophilus spores and a pH indicator. In a working steriliser these pores should be destroyed in steam at temperature of 121 °C and pressure of 1 bar (VWR, 2002). When all the pores have been killed the vial should stay a pink/red colour. However if the sterilization did not work, in the next 24 hours the B. stearothermophilus spores within the incubated vial will get the opportunity to regerminate. The growth of B. stearothermophilus is facilitated by sugar fermentation producing acid. This acid causes the pH indicator to change colour to yellow and due to the microbe growth the vial will become turbid. (VW R, 2002). This provides an understanding if the steam steriliser is working to safe conditions and helps keep everything sterile. Another method to monitor steam sterilization is the use of Thermalog strips. Thermalog strips are made of two different outer layers, one side is made of foil and the other made of paper, this paper side allows steam to enter. Within these outer layers there is a chemical enclosed with a paper indicator. This chemical liquefies when steam and heat reaches it allowing it to flow along the paper indicator. The length this chemical moves is dependent on the time of exposure to steam, the temperature of steam and the volume of steam (3M, 2010). On the paper side there are two boxes labelled unsafe and safe. If the steam sterilisation occurs properly the chemical will move into the safe window of the strip. However if it does not there must have not been enough steam produced, not high enough temperature or not enough time within steriliser. This experimental report addresses the necessities needed for complete steam sterilization and producing safe equipment. In order to understand the requirements needed for steam sterilization, the experiment is conducted using different methods and conditions for B. stearothermophilus spore strips. The experiment is important as steam sterilization has important applications in preventing spread of disease within the community by sterilising medical equipment and giving reliable results by sterilising laboratory equipment. Hypothesis: Moist heat may be more effective than dry heat in sterilization process as moist heat plays a substantial role in sterilising spores. Steam sterilization is the most used method of sterilization yet its affectivity may be dependent on specific operation conditions. Steam sterilization needs to be monitored as problems may arise with its function, determine these methods of monitoring steam sterilization process. Materials and Methods: Refer to: BMS2052 Microbes in Health and Diseases Practical Class Notes (2010), Department of Microbiology, Monash University. Pages 35 -37. Results: Results 1.1 Thermalog strips were placed in Schott bottles, one with water and loose cap and the other tightly capped with no water added. After 15 minute sterilization at 121 °C the Thermalog strips read either safe or unsafe in relation to microbial presence. Results 1.2 Two bioindicators, initially pink, were separated one underwent steam sterilization and the other had no sterilization. After incubation for 3 days at 56 °C the bioindicators colours were recorded. Results 1.3 All four screw-capped bottles had one strip of B. stearothermophilus spores inside. These four bottles underwent different conditions, e.g. underwent steam sterilization or had liquids added. All these bottles underwent incubation for 3 days at 56 °C. Discussion Steam sterilization experiment shows the affectivity of steam sterilization, the operation conditions and monitoring the process using Thermalog strips and Sterikon plus Bioindicator vials. In order to determine the requirements needed for steam sterilization Thermalog strips are used to measure affectivity of steam sterilization. In the experiment the Schott bottle with water that was loosely capped had a reading on Thermalog as safe. This is due to steam having direct contact to Thermalog strip as water inside the Schott bottle vaporises when inside steriliser and the loose cap on the bottle allows steam to enter during sterilization. However the other Schott bottle that has no water and is tightly capped has a reading on Thermalog strip as unsafe. The Thermalog strip remains in the unsafe window as it has not had enough contact with steam as the cap was tight thereby not allowing steam from the steriliser into the bottle and there was no water within the bottle so steam could not be produced within the bottle either. Thereby this shows for complete sterilization to occur there needs to be direct contact between equipment being sterilised and steam, a high enough temp erature and enough time in the steriliser, all these properties are monitored by Thermalog strips. Thermalog strips are affective at monitoring temperatures and time exposure to steam yet it does not prove that say heat resistance pores will be destroyed at the specific conditions. Therefore Thermalog strips should be used but in combination with other monitoring items. Steam sterilization monitoring can also be done with Sterikon ® plus Bioindicator vials. This experiment shows how the Bioindicator vials work and how effective they are at monitoring the process. Bioindicator vials have B. stearothermophilus spores in a nutrient broth with a pH indicator. Initially both these vials appear to be clear and pink in colour. The Bioindicator vial that is placed in the steriliser stays pink and clear whereas the vial that was not sterilised became cloudy and yellow. This means that the Bioindicator vial sterilised has no bacterial growth, as regermination has not occurred while the vial not steam sterilised did have regermination. Regermination of spores allows formation of bacteria. These bacteria facilitate their growth by fermenting sugar. This fermnattion process generally procuces acidic end products, family of Bacillus do mainly produce lactic acid as an end product. As these products are acidic the pH indicator will change colour in respose to th e formation of these products. The pH indicator changes colour from pink to yellow. The bacterial growth will also cause the vial to look cloudy due to turbidity within. The results showed the Bioindicator vials work consistent with what was expected showing that they are an asset in monitoring steam steriliser function as they show Monitoring the needs to facilitate complete steam sterilisation occurs in the third part of the experiment. Bottle 1 is used as the control showing that the B. stearothermophilus spores have the ability to regerminate from the initial spore strip. If bottle 1 had not shown microbe growth the results obtained would not prove steam sterilization has occurred as the spores may not have had the potential to regerminate at all. Bottle 2 shows that steam sterilization can occur when water is added to the bottle. As the heat within the steam steriliser increases the water within the bottle will vaporise forming steam. This steam will have direct contact with the spores allowing the spores to be completely eradicated. Bottle 3 was tightly capped and had no liquid added to it making it impossible for steam to have direct contact with the spore strip. As the spores were still alive during incubation the spores regerminated and formed bacterial growths within bottle 3, viewed as cloudy. Bottle 3 as it had no contact with steam had only dry heat sterilization working within which is not effective in killing of spores and thereby is less effective than steam sterilization method in bottle 2. Bottle 4/5 was tightly capped and had paraffin oil added to it. It would be expected that this bottle would have bacterial growth as there is no steam in direct contact with the spore strips. The oil could even act as a barrier for any steam, entering through the tight cap, to get in contact with the spores. However the results obtained in the experiment showed that there was no bacterial growth in bottle 4/5. This is most likely due to experimental errors where the spore strip was not completely submerged in paraffin oil and the cap of bottle 4/5 was not tight enough. This would allow steam to enter the bottle and have direct contact with the spore strip as the oil was not covering the whole strip. This experiment showed that for effective steam sterilisation to occur the equipment and instruments must have direct exposure to steam. Steam sterilization experiment has showed that for steam sterilization to occur direct contact with steam is needed; this can be from direct steam from steriliser or water within vaporising. Steam sterilization experiment could have included a few more alternative conditions such as a loosely capped bottle with no water and a loosely capped bottle with oil. This would have showed steam can enter a bottle and cause sterilization. Also a loosely capped bottle with oil would have been able to tell the effect of oil on direct steam sterilization. Steam sterilization is a more effective and time efficient process than dry heat sterilization techniques. Steam sterilization can manage to kill heat resistance bacterial spores whereas most dry heat sterilization cannot. There is a dry heat sterilization method that is effective in killing bacteria regerminating from spores called Tyndallization. Tyndallization involves heating equipment and instruments for a certain time ranging from a few minutes to an hour depending on temperature of heating for three to four days. Initially this will kill all existing bacteria and other microorganisms. On the second day the spores would have regerminated allowing the second row of bacteria to also be killed. The third day will allows time for the late germinating spores to regerminate and heating allows them to be killed (Aminot and Kerouel, 1997). This procedure despite its affectivity this procedure still takes several days to complete therefore steam sterilization is the better option. Sterilization is an important process in hospitals, water treatment facilities, food and pharmaceutical production and laboratories. In hospitals sterilization can prevent the spread of diseases caused by opportunistic pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia (Goering et al., 2007). Steam sterilization is therefore an ideal form of sterilization in hospitals to prevent spread of disease with the aid of Bioindicator vials to monitor function in every batch and occasional use of Thermalog strips. Conclusion Steam sterilization can only occur if the equipment being sterilised has direct contact with steam from steam provided in steriliser or from heat causing water within to vaporise into steam. Without steam contact the equipment is having only sterilization by heat which is an ineffective sterilization method on spores. Oils, fats and other hydrophobic substances should cause barriers for steam penetration making sterilisation less likely. It is important to monitor steam sterilisers as many mechanical interruptions could prevent complete sterilisation. Sterikon plus Bioindicator vials are an effective way to monitor steam sterilisers as they produce consistent results showing whether sterilisation has occurred or not. Thermalog strips can also be used to monitor if steam sterilising machines are reaching conditions that allow safe sterilisation to occur, for example the right amount of steam, temperature and pressure.

Temporary Working Essay -- Business, Temporary Employees

Temporary employment is becoming increasingly popular within the UK, allowing organisations to manage when they encounter staff shortages, and external and competitive pressures. Temporary workers are individuals who are employed by organisations to fulfil job roles when they are in demand. Temporary employees may work full-time or part-time, for one week or several, depending on whether or not the organisation requires their labour. Temporary working contributes to the labour problem of low productivity and low performance, this essay will considered this employment form from a number of perspectives and discover solutions to this problem. The articles will be critically evaluated weighing up opinions and arguments made by each author. Firstly a brief introduction of the profiling of the temporary workers, followed by reasons for employing temporary staff, and the benefits and drawbacks to both the employer and employee. Following the evaluation will be an analysis of each management perspective and solutions for the temporary working labour problem. Profiling Temporary Workers Kirk and Belovics (2008) suggest that a large number of individuals comply with the key characteristics of temporary workers. The most common profile of temporary employees is those individuals who are looking for flexible working arrangements or low-skilled work; women, students and immigrants. Conley (2002) agrees with Kirks and Belovics (2008) profiling of temporary workers, as studies have revealed that higher numbers of temporary contracts are held by these individuals. However, in Burgess and Connell (2006) article, Hipple and Stewart (1996) argue that the nature of temporary work has changed and is continuing to chang... ...rary employees may feel disloyal to their work, lack commitment towards the company, and harm their market share, providing reasons for these predicaments. Moreover it is clear that with the adaption of management perspectives’ within an organisation, there are solutions. If Conley (2002) was to adapt the unitarism or the pluralism perspective into the UK public sector they may find that NQTs are more likely to stay within the industry and they would receive lower annual resignation figures. However, by taking these perspectives, managers may find themselves getting too attached to employees who are there to carry out tasks and lose their right to control them. Consequently, with the adaption of the correct management perspectives and techniques to individual employees, organisations should discover effective solutions to their employee relations issues.